Computer keyboard shortcut keys----VERSION2

As we have posted the few shortcuts earlier and we have received a very huge response so we upgraded to some more information as follows.

Here few other list of short cuts along with some tips....

With functional keys

F1 Help

F2 Edit

F3 Paste Name

F4 Repeat last action

F5 Go to

F6 Next Pane

F7 Spell check

F8 Extend mode

F9 Recalculate all workbooks

F10 Activate Menu bar

F11 New Chart

F12 Save As

Magic with shift

SHIFT: Press and hold down the SHIFT key while you insert a CD-ROM to bypass the automatic-run feature
Shift+F1 HELP
Shift+F2 Insert, Edit Comments
Shift+F3 change the text from upper to lower and vice ver·sa
Shift+F4 move to the top of the pages
Shift+F5 Find
Shift+F6 previous pane
Shift+F7 Display Properties
Shift+F8 Add to worksheet(excel)
Shift+F9 calculate active worksheet(excel)
Shift+F10 Display Short cut Menu
Shift+F11 New Worksheet
Shift+F12 Save

Now comes ctrl

Ctrl+A Select All

Ctrl+B Bold

Ctrl+C Copy

Ctrl+D Fill Down

Ctrl+F Find

Ctrl+G Goto

Ctrl+H Replace

Ctrl+I Italic

Ctrl+K Insert Hyperlink

Ctrl+N New Workbook

Ctrl+O Open

Ctrl+P Print

Ctrl+R Fill Right

Ctrl+S Save

Ctrl+U Underline

Ctrl+V Paste

Ctrl W Close

Ctrl+X Cut

Ctrl+Y Repeat

Ctrl+Z Undo

General folder/shortcut control

F4: Selects the Go To A Different Folder box and moves down the entries in the box (if the toolbar is active in Windows Explorer)
F6: Moves among panes in Windows Explorer
F5: Refreshes the current window.
CTRL+G: Opens the Go To Folder tool (in Windows 95 Windows Explorer only)
CTRL+Z: Undo the last command
CTRL+A: Select all the items in the current window
BACKSPACE: Switch to the parent folder
SHIFT+click+Close button: For folders, close the current folder plus all parent folders

Accessibility shortcuts

Press SHIFT five times: Toggles Sticky-keys on and off
Press down and hold the right SHIFT key for eight seconds: Toggles Filter-keys on and off
Press down and hold the NUM LOCK key for five seconds: Toggles ToggleKeys on and off
Left ALT+left SHIFT+NUM LOCK: Toggles MouseKeys on and off
Left ALT+left SHIFT+PRINT SCREEN: Toggles high contrast on and off

KESHAV
IT(gcet)

Blue Teeth became Bluetooth

Looking after your Teeth

By the way if, you're wondering where the Bluetooth name originally came from, it named after a Danish Viking and King, Harald Blåtand (translated as Bluetooth in English), who lived in the latter part of the 10th century. Harald Blåtand united and controlled Denmark and Norway (hence the inspiration on the name: uniting devices through Bluetooth).
He got his name from his very dark hair which was unusual for Vikings, Blåtand means dark complexion. However a more popular, (but less likely reason), was that Old Harald had a inclination towards eating Blueberries , so much so his teeth became stained with the colour, leaving Harald with a rather unique set of molars. And you thought your teeth were bad...
Blueberries and Harald Blåtand's teeth,
so these Blue Teeth became Bluetooth

Bluetooth

Well it isn't some strange form of tooth decay as you might initially imagine. Bluetooth is the name of a new technology that is now becoming commercially available. It promises to change significantly the way we use machines.

Look around you at the moment, you have your keyboard connected to the computer, as well as a printer, mouse, monitor and so on. What (literally) joins all of these together?, they are connected by cables. Cables have become the bane of many offices, homes etc. Most of us have experienced the 'joys' of trying to figure out what cable goes where, and getting tangled up in the details. Bluetooth essentially aims to fix this, it is a cable-replacement technology
Bluetooth technology was designed primarily to support simple wireless networking of personal consumer devices and peripherals, including cell phones, PDAs, and wireless headsets. Wireless signals transmitted with Bluetooth cover short distances, typically up to 30 feet (10 meters). Bluetooth devices generally communicate at less than 1 Mbps.
Bluetooth networks feature a dynamic topology called a piconet or PAN. Piconets contain a minimum of two and a maximum of eight Bluetooth peer devices. Devices communicate using protocols that are part of the Bluetooth Specification. Definitions for multiple versions of the Bluetooth specification exist including versions 1.1, 1.2 and 2.0.

Although the Bluetooth standard utilizes the same 2.4 Ghz range as 802.11b and 802.11g, Bluetooth technology is not a suitable Wi-Fi replacement. Compared to Wi-Fi, Bluetooth networking is much slower, a bit more limited in range, and supports many fewer devices.
As is true for Wi-Fi and other wireless technologies today, concerns with Bluetooth technology include security and interoperability with other networking standards. Bluetooth was ratified as IEEE 802.15.1.
Uses

That was the original idea, but the originators of the original idea soon realised that a lot more was possible. If you can transmit information between a computer and a printer, why not transmit data from a mobile phone to a printer, or even a printer to a printer?. The projected low cost of a Bluetooth chip (~$5), and its low power consumption, means you could literally place one anywhere.

Ideas, ideas...
With this viewpoint interest in Bluetooth is soaring, lots of ideas are constantly emerging, some practical and feasible e.g.: Bluetooth chips in freight containers to identify cargo when a lorry drives into a storage depot, or a headset that communicates with a mobile phone in your pocket, or even in the other room, other ideas not so feasible: Refrigerator communicating with your Bluetooth-enabled computer, informing it that food supply is low, and to inform the retailer over the internet.

Does Any body know who invented CD/DVD? let's know it here

All of us use CD's & DVD's but most of them don’t know who invented and how it works

So. Let’s know about this

History:

David Paul Gregg first envisioned the optical or laser disc in 1958 and patented it in 1969.

Invention of CD:
James Russell invented the compact disk in 1965.
James Russell was granted a total of
22 patents for various elements of his compact disk system. In the early 1970s, using video Laser disc technology, Philips' researchers started experiments with "audio-only" optical discs, initially with wideband frequency modulation FM and later with digitized PCM audio signals. The compact disc was thus developed by Philips from its own 12 inch Philips Laser Vision discs. At the end of the 1970s, Philips, Sony, and other companies presented prototypes of digital audio discs.

In 1974, an initiative was taken by L. Otters, a director of the audio industry group within the Philips Corporation in Eindhoven, the Netherlands. A seven-person project group was formed to develop an optical audio disc with a diameter of 20 cm with a sound quality superior to that of the large and vulnerable vinyl record. In March 1974, during a meeting of the audio group, two engineers from the Philips research laboratory recommended the use of a digital format on the 20 cm optical disc, because an error-correcting code could be added. It wasn't until 1977 that the directors of the group decided to establish a laboratory with the mission of creating a small optical digital audio disc and a small player. They chose the term "compact disc" in line with another Philips product, the compact cassette. Rather than the original 20 cm size, the diameter of this compact disc was set at 11.5 cm, the diagonal measurement of a compact cassette.

However, the compact disk did not become popular until it was mass manufactured by Philips in 1980.

Invention of DVD:

DVD is the advanced version of CD which is evolved from the CD. It is a high-density CD.

Before the advent of DVD in 1995, Video CD (VCD) became the first format for distributing digitally encoded films on standard 120 mm optical discs.VCD was on the market in 1993. In the same year, two new optical disc storage formats were being developed. One was the Multimedia Compact Disc (MMCD), backed by Philips and Sony, and the other was the Super Density (SD) disc, supported by Toshiba, Time Warner, Matsushita Electric, Hitachi, Mitsubishi Electric, Pioneer, Thomson, and JVC.Representatives of the SD camp approached IBM, asking for advice on the file system to use for their disc as well as seeking support for their format for storing computer data.
DVDs were invented in the early 1990s (1993 is the answer shown on two different websites as a third said 1996), but they did not become popular until around the turn of the millennium. Until around 2001, people mostly still rented videocassettes. Their predecessor, laserdiscs, were available in the early 1990s (although they were very expensive and almost nobody had them), but they quickly became obsolete when the DVD was invented. Laser discs were like a hybrid of a vinyl record and a DVD: they were huge -- like 14 inch-wide -- DVDs with a big hole in the middle. Educational films were sometimes shown on them. Laserdisc players were basically just like DVD players- but much bigger.But the actual date The date of 'early 1990s' is the best to quote. DVDs came on the market in the UK about 1999. A presentation was given about 'a new video medium' (which turned out to be DVD) in early 1998.

DVD-R read/write side
Media type	Optical disc
Capacity	4.7 GB (single-sided, single-layer – common) 8.5–8.7 GB (single-sided, double-layer) 9.4 GB (double-sided, single-layer) 17.08 GB (double-sided, double-layer – rare)
Read mechanism	650 nm laser, 10.5 Mbit/s (1×)

Write mechanism	10.5 Mbit/s (1×)
Standard	DVD Forum's DVD Books and DVD+RW Alliance specifications

Disc shapes and diameters:
The digital data on a CD begins at the center of the disc and proceeds toward the edge, which allows adaptation to the different size formats available. Standard CDs are available in two sizes. By far, the most common is 120 millimeters (4.7 in) in diameter, with a 74- or 80-minute audio capacity and a 650 or 700 MB (737,280,000 bytes) data capacity. This capacity was reportedly specified by Sony executive Norio Ohga so as to be able to contain the entirety of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony on one disc. This diameter has been adopted by subsequent formats, including Super Audio CD, DVD, HD DVD, and Blu-ray Disc. 80 mm discs ("Mini CDs") were originally designed for CD singles and can hold up to 24 minutes of music or 210 MB of data but never became popular.[citation needed] Today, nearly every single is released on a 120 mm CD, called a Maxi single

Physical size	Audio Capacity	CD-ROM Data Capacity	Definition
120 mm	74–99 min	650–870 MB	Standard size
80 mm	21–24 min	185–210 MB	Mini-CD size
85x54 mm - 86x64 mm	~6 min	10-65 MB	"Business card" size

Inner structure OF a CD
A CD is a fairly simple piece of plastic, about four one-hundredths (4/100) of an inch (1.2 mm) thick. Most of a CD consists of an injection-molded piece of clear polycarbonate plastic. During manufacturing, this plastic is impressed with microscopic bumps arranged as a single, continuous, extremely long spiral track of data. We'll return to the bumps in a moment. Once the clear piece of poly carbonate is formed, a thin, reflective aluminum layer is sputtered onto the disc, covering the bumps. Then a thin acrylic layer is sprayed over the aluminum to protect it. The label is then printed onto the acrylic. A cross section of a complete CD (not to scale) looks like this:

Different types of CD, DVD
these Optical Disc are classified into many ways such as
CD': s-,
CD-R, CD-RW,

DVD's:-
DVD-R, DVD-RW, DVD+R DL, DVD+R, DVD-RAM, DVD+R DL, MINI DVD-R,
MINI DVD-R DL, MINI DVD+RW,

Blue Ray- BD-R, BD-R-DL, BD-RE

Uses:-
Ah.. Everyone know the uses of Cd&DVD, U can Use them as U wish (vadukunnodiki vadukunnantha):-)

So guys what you will say if any one asks you "who is inventor of CD/DVD?"
A: David Paul Gregg started invention in the year 1958 & James Russell invented the compact disk in 1965

Abbreviations:

CD: Compact Disc (Everyone knows it)
DVD: Digital Video Disc/Digital Video Disc
BR: Blu-ray (invented by Sony corp).

By-

Kishore Gupta

IT,GCTC.

How SIM card Works

A SIM card, also known as a subscriber identity module, is a subscriber identity

module application on a smart-card that stores data for GSM/CDMA Cellular telephone subscribers. Such data includes user identity, network authorization data, personal security keys, contact lists and stored text messages.
Security features include Authentication and encryption to protect data and prevent eavesdropping.

Functionality of the SIM card
The SIM card performs
the following valuable functions:

1) Identification of a subscriber: The IMSI programmed on the SIM card, is the
identity of a subscriber. Each IMSI is mapped to a mobile number and

provisioned on the HLR to allow a subscriber to be identified.
2) Authentication of a subscriber: This is a process, where, using the
authentication algorithm (COMP128V3 for 2/2.5 G GSM, CAVE for CDMA and
Mileage for 3G) on the SIM card, a unique response is provided by each
subscriber based on IMSI, Ki (stored on SIM) and RAND (provided by network).
By matching this response with values computed on the network a legal
subscriber is logged on to the network and he or she can now make use the
services of the mobile service provider.
3) Storage: To store phone numbers and SMS.
4) Applications: The SIM Tool Kit or GSM 11.14 standard allows creating
applications on the SIM to provide basic information on demand and other
applications for m-commerce, chatting, cell broadcast, phonebook backup,
location based services etc.

Typical Diagram of Sim Card

A Sim Card have six pads that also corresponds to the six SIM connectors pins, but only five has totally have connection on the entire layout.
SIM DATA - this is a digital data that being stored on a SIM memory
SIM Clock - this is a clock frequency signal that being synchronize to the digital data to create data signal in order transfer or sends and receive data information.
SIM Reset - this is also a frequency signal that triggers or reset all synchronization process.

VSIM B+ Supply Voltage- This a power supply voltage used to activated the SIM circuit.
SIM Ground - a ground line voltage
The smartcard with Subscriber identity module application is generally known as
SIMCARD. But, In reality, the SIM is effectively a mass-market smart card.

PIN and PUK:
PIN –Personal Identification Number

2 PINs exist (PIN 1 and PIN2)

Limited attempts on PIN access
PUK –PIN Unblocking Code
Resetting PUK, resets PIN and the attempt counter
Too many attempts on PUK blocks use permanently.

Two ways of Storing Data in SIM
1. As GSM Files
The data used for Telco and GSM operation are all stored over the files.
Telco/operator can change the Data this file through RFM in a secure channel.
Only upon successful verification of file access condition a file can be read.
All files are protected by access conditions.
2. As application data within an STK application as instance data.
mChek stores all its secured encrypted information within application data. All the
information stored is in persistent objects. Only mChek Server can access these
data through mChek OTA platform.

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